cflbjf;;;L yf?hfltsf clnlvt ;
Oltxf;;sf] Ps emns
e'nfO{ rf}w/L, s]Gb|Lo ;;Nnfxsf/,
yfs;;
g]kfn ax'hflts, ax'eflifs, ax'wfld{s tyf ax';f+:s[lts b]z
xf] . ljljwtf g} o; b]zsf] df}lns ljif]ztf xf] . of] ;bf ;j{bf kljq e"ld
/lxofPsf] xf] . of] cflbsfnb]lv kljq :yn /lxofPsf] xf] . To;}n] of] :yfg ;+w}
Clif-d"lgx?sf hGd:yn / tkf]e"ldsf] ?kdf ljZj k|l;4 5 .
yf?x? g]kfnsf cflbjf;L x'g\ . yf?x?sf] pTklt g]kfndf ePsf]
xf] (@)!), cfrfo{, afa'/fd) . yf?x? xhf/f} - xhf/ jif{ cyf{t\ k/fk"j{sfnb]lv g]kfnsf] t/fO{ / leqLt/fO{df
a;f]af; ub}{ cfo]sf x'g\ . lj.;. @)%* ;fnsf]
hgu0fgfg';f/ g]kfndf !% nfv ## xhf/ *&( yf?x?, b]zsf] s'n ;+Vofsf] ^.&^ k|ltzt, rf}yf] ;+Vof tyf cflbjf;L-hghfltx? dWo]
du/ kl5sf] bf]>f] 7"nf] ;d"xsf] ?kdf b]lvG5 hals yf?x?sf] cfkmgf]
dtfg';f/ yf?x?sf] ;+Vof g]kfndf slDtdf @% nfveGbf a9L cg'dfg ul/G5 . g]kfnsf]
dfq} xf]O{g ls ef/tLo pkdxfåLksf pQ/L ;dtn d}bfgL e"efusf yf?x? cflbjf;L,
e"ldk'q, ;Eotfsf cu|b"t x'Fbfx'+b}
klg cfh cfkmg} ynf]df nf]kf]Gd"v hLjg latfpg afWo ePsf 5g\ sf hLjg Oltxf;
5f]6s/Ldf oxf k|:t't 5 .
egfO{ 5 "lxDdt] db{, db]{ v'bf" . Ps k6s yf?n] km]l/ cfkm\gf] k'?iffy{ b]vfpg] a]nf
cfO;s]sf] 5 – x] yf? bfHo"-efO{, lbbL, a}lxgLx? Psk6s km]l/ p7,
p7 / ;d/e"lddf cfO{ cfk\mgf xs clwsf/sf] nflu n8 / lnp5f8 .
Yf?x?sf dft[efiff, ;+:s[lt-kj{-pT;j, kfj}g-ltxf/, gf+r-sf+r, uLt-uf]bxg, a}aflxs ;+:sf/ / pgLx?sf
cfrf/-ljrf/ tyf Jojxf/x?sf] uxg cWoogaf6 s] kQf nfU5 eg] yf?x? ef/tLo pkdxfåLksf] pQ/L / lxdfno
kj{tdfnf >[ªvnfsf] blIf0fL ;dtn d}bfgL e"efusf cflbjf;L x'g\ . yf?x?
xhf/f}+-xhf/ jif{ cl3b]lv c? cflbjf;Lx?sf] t'ngfdf ax';+Vos?kdf
oL ;dtnLo d}bfgdf cfkm\gf efiff, ;+:s[lt tyf wd{ ;fy a:b} cfO{/x]sf 5g\ .
logLx?sf] pTklt oL pNn]lvt e"-efudfg} ePsf] xf] / o} e"-efudf xhf/f}+-xhf/ jif{ cl3b]lv o} e"-efu cGtu{t ;fwf/0f :yfg kl/jt{g tyf s]xL gfd-y/ km]/-abn ;fy a:b} cfPsf x'g\ . kl5
logLx?sf] ;Dks{ d+uf]nd"nsf cflbjf;Lx?;+u eof] / To;tfsf d+uf]nd"nsf
cflbjf;Lx?;+u a}aflxs ;DaGw klg :yflkt x'g'df s'g} c:jefljs s'/f lyPgg\ ;fy}
To;tfsf oL pkdxfåLksf xfjfkfgLaf6 klg oL yf? cflbjf;Lx? k|efljt eP/ yf?x?sf]
d'vfs[lt s]xLxb;Dd d+uf]nd'ns x'g uPsf]n] clxn] klg w]/}h;f] Oltxf;sf/,
;dfhzf:qL tyf dfgjzf:qLx?n] yf?x?nfO{ d+uf]n d"nsf eGb5g\ .
yf?x?sf cfkmg} w]/} lzIffk|b, pkof]uL,
Jojxfl/s tyf ;lhnf] efiff, wd{ tyf ;+:s[lt, cfrf/-ljrf/ / Jojxf/ lyP / clxn] klg s]xL
;fwf/0f kl/jt{g ;fy oL lrhx? yf? ;d'bfodf lj¢dfg 5g\ . ;a} yf?x?sf Pp6} efiff,
wd{ tyf ;+:s[lt lyP / 5g\ klg, s]jn kl5 cfP/ of] a[xt yf? ;d'bo nfdf] ;do;Dd
cfk;df Pscsf{af6 5'l§P/ a:bf / abnfdf c? cflbjf;Lx?sf] ;Dks{df cfP/ pgLx?;+u nfdf]
;do;Dd a:bf yf?x?sf] efiff, wd{ / ;+:s[ltdf s]xL km/s x'g' :jefljs xf] . o;sf]
;fy;fy} o} e"lddf O{.k". !%)) jif{ otfb]lv cfo{x?sf] nuftf/ cfudg x'+bf / oxf+sf cflbjf;Lx?sf]
;Dks{df cfP/ yf? cflbjf;Lx?sf] efiff tyf wd{ ;+:s[ltdf s]xL g s]xL km/s x'g'
:jefljs xf], kmn:j?k yf? cflbjf;Lx?sf Pp6} efiff, wd{ / ;+:s[lt x'Fbfx'+b} klg
7fpF7fpFdf yf]/yf/ km/s b]lvG5g\ . t/ klg
df}lnstf / To; k|lt yf?x?sf] cfGtl/s nufj h:tfsf] To:t} sfod} 5 . ;a} yf? cflbjf;Lx?nfO{
clxn] cfkmgf] wd{ af/]df la:t[t yfxf g x'Fbf klg pgLx?sf wd{ PAGAN cyf{t\ k|s[lt k"hg wd{ x'g\ .
yf?x? k|s[ltsf] ;+w} w]/}
@)^%
;fn sflt{s @, #, $ ut] a'¢:yn n'lDagLdf yfs;, s]Gb|åf/f cfof]hgf ul/Psf]
cGt/f{i6«Lo yf? ;Dd]ng tyf af}¢ ljrf/ uf]i7Ldf k|:t't ul/Psf] cjwf/0ffkq .
glhs /lxcfPsfn] k|s[ltaf6 w]/} k|efljt eO{ k|s[ltsf k"hf cyf{t\ ag-h+unsf] k"hf, v]t-af/Lsf] k"hf, e"ld k"hf, gbL-gfnfsf] k"hf, ?v-lj?jfsf] k"hf, xnf]-sf]bfnf] tyf xft-xltof/sf] k"hf, cGg tyf afnL-gfnLsf] k"hf, aGo-hGt'sf] k"hf, cfuf]-kfgL, b]p-b't, e"t-lkrf;, rGb|, ;"o{, lzj-kfj{tL tyf cfkmgf k"vf{x?sf] k"hf-cfhf ub}{ cfP / clxn] klg ul//x]sf 5g\ . yf? cflbjf;Lx? xf]d hu-hfk eGbf a|t-pkaf;df lj:jf; ub{5g\ . O{.k".!%)) jif{ kl5 of] ynf]df gj cfuGt'sx?sf] cfudg ePkl5 yf? cflbjf;Lx?sf] ;Dks{df cfO{ lxGb'x?sf] / cflbjf;Lx?sf] wd{df s]xL kl/jt{gx? x'g uP . PAGAN wd{sf s]xL /fd|f s'/fx? lxGb'x? klg lnP eg] s]xL lxGb' wd{sf /fd|f s'/fx? PAGAN wd{jfnfx?n] klg lng' :jefljs xf] . km/s s] 5 eg] cflbjf;Lx? cfkmgf wd{sf] kIfdf jiff]{;Dd jsfnt u/]/ a;]gg\ hals lxGb'x?n] jiff]{;Dd cfkmgf wd{sf] jsfnt ul//x] / ul//x]sf 5g\ .
glhs /lxcfPsfn] k|s[ltaf6 w]/} k|efljt eO{ k|s[ltsf k"hf cyf{t\ ag-h+unsf] k"hf, v]t-af/Lsf] k"hf, e"ld k"hf, gbL-gfnfsf] k"hf, ?v-lj?jfsf] k"hf, xnf]-sf]bfnf] tyf xft-xltof/sf] k"hf, cGg tyf afnL-gfnLsf] k"hf, aGo-hGt'sf] k"hf, cfuf]-kfgL, b]p-b't, e"t-lkrf;, rGb|, ;"o{, lzj-kfj{tL tyf cfkmgf k"vf{x?sf] k"hf-cfhf ub}{ cfP / clxn] klg ul//x]sf 5g\ . yf? cflbjf;Lx? xf]d hu-hfk eGbf a|t-pkaf;df lj:jf; ub{5g\ . O{.k".!%)) jif{ kl5 of] ynf]df gj cfuGt'sx?sf] cfudg ePkl5 yf? cflbjf;Lx?sf] ;Dks{df cfO{ lxGb'x?sf] / cflbjf;Lx?sf] wd{df s]xL kl/jt{gx? x'g uP . PAGAN wd{sf s]xL /fd|f s'/fx? lxGb'x? klg lnP eg] s]xL lxGb' wd{sf /fd|f s'/fx? PAGAN wd{jfnfx?n] klg lng' :jefljs xf] . km/s s] 5 eg] cflbjf;Lx? cfkmgf wd{sf] kIfdf jiff]{;Dd jsfnt u/]/ a;]gg\ hals lxGb'x?n] jiff]{;Dd cfkmgf wd{sf] jsfnt ul//x] / ul//x]sf 5g\ .
oL gj cfuGt's lxGb'x?n] of] ef/tLo pkdxfåLk cflbjf;Lx?sf]
ynf]nfO{ lxGb'do ;+;f/ cyf{t\ cfof{jt{ agfP . kmn:j?k Jojxf/df cflbjf;Lx? lxGb'
aGg g ;Sbf klg b]vf;LsL ?kdf lxGb' aGg uP . oL cfo{x? /gjcfuGt'sx? of] ynf]df cfPkl5 hLjsf]kfh{gsf s[ofsnfkx?sf] ;fy ;fy}
logLx? cfk\mgf efiff / wd{sf ;+:yfut ;'29Ls/0f tyf k|rf/ k|;f/, /Iff tyf
cfTd;Ddfg, hfnem]n, 5nk|k+r, cfkmgf a8fO{ / c?sf] ckx]ngf ;DaGwL s[ofsnfkx? al9
ub}{ uP . kmn:j?k oL cflbjf;Lx?sf] ynf]df cfuGt'sx? cfkm' kl5 cfO{k'Ubf klg o}
ynf]df dgu9Gt ;Too'u, åfk/, q]tf, slno'u h:tf ljleGg o'ux? lgdf{0f u/L ljleGg
o'usf ljleGg b]jL-b]ptf- a|xdf,
lji0f', dx]z, s[i0f, /fd ;Ltf tyf cg]sfcg]s d"lgdxfTdfx?sf] hGd lbO{[ To;
cfwf/df ljleGg j]b, zf:q-k"/f0fx? /rgf u/L lxGb'do
jftfj/0f agfpg ;kmn eP . To:t} lsl;dn] pgLx? cfkmgf] efiffsf] ;+/If0fsf] nflu O{.k".&))-*)) df cfo{efiffnfO{ Jofs/0fa¢ u/L ;+:sf/ k|fKt efiffsf] ?kdf ljs;Lt
u/L ;+:s[t efiff gfdfs/0f ug{ ;dy{ eP . pgLx?n] cfkmgf] efiffnfO{ b]jefiff
cyf{t\ b]ptfsf] efiff ;d]t agfP eg] cflbjf;L yf?x?sf] efiff yf?efiff/b]zLnefiffnfO{ cke|G; efiff, c;'/x?sf] efiff ;d]t eGg af+sL /fv]gg\ .
o:t} lsl;dn] cfo{/cfuGt's / cgfo{/cflbjf;L aLr hfnem]n ckljq k|lt:kwf{ rln /x\of] . kmn:j?k cfo{x?sf]
efiff cfo{efiff :yfgLo cflbjf;Lyf?x?sf]
dft[efiff aLr k|lt:kwf{, ldng, ;ld>0fn] ubf{ of] ef/tLo pQ/L pkdxfåLkdf oL
yf?efiff / ;+:s[t efiffsf] cltl/Qm cGo xhf/f}+ efiffx?sf] pTklt x'g uof] . o;
pkdxfåLkdf efiff pTkltsf] s|ddf efiffsf] Oltxf;df k|yd k|fs[t, låtLo k|fs[t
t[tLo k|fs[t eg]sf] oL cflbjf;L yf?efiff/b]zLnefiff tyf cfo{efiff/;+:s[t efiffsf] ldng - la5f]/sf] ljleGg ?kx? x'g\ .
ljsf;sf] o} s|ddf O{.k".^)) tfsf yf? cflbjf;Lx?sf] zfSoa+zdf slknj:t'sf] /fhf z'4f]wgsf]
k"qsf] ?kdf eujfg uf}td a'¢sf] hGd eof] . eujfg uf}td a'4 lxGb' b]jb't
h:t} s'g} dgf]ut cjtf/ lyPg, pxf+ ;flrs} dfgj sf]vaf6 hlGdPsf dfgj k'?if x'g\ .
Toltv]/sf hfnem]n, b':v tslnkm tyf d[To'af6 dfgjnfO{ d'lQm
lbnfpg eujfg uf}td a'4n] cfk\mgf] ;'vz}n, /fhkf6, 3/kl/jf/ ;a} 5f]8]/ hLjge/Lsf] s7f]/ tk:of kl5 dfgj
tyf cGo hLjfhLjfGt sNof0fsf/L 5f]6f] ;xL af6f] kQf nufP, h;nfO{ ;+;f/n] clxn]
a'4wd{ tyf c:6f+Ëdfu{ / ;+;f/sf] Hof]tLsf] ?kdf ;a} hfGb5g\ . o; wd{sf] klxnf]
gfdf+sg :yjL/ cyf{t\ y]/fjfb x'g\ . o;jfbsf] nueu !))) jif{;Dd a'¢wd{sf] v"a
k|rf/ k|;f/ eof] . ;d|f6 czf]s O{.k".@))-#)) jif{ s|ddf o} a'4wd{sf]
;xof]udf ljzfn ef/t ;fd/fHo lgdf{0f ug{ ;kmn eP . o;sf] cnfjf ef/t / g]kfnsf]
cltl/Stm of] y]/fjfb wd{ adf{, >Ln+sf, yfO{n}08, sf]l/of, hfkfg;Dd km}lnof]
. kl5 lxGb'x?sf] t8se8saf6 k|efljt eO{ a'4wd{nfO{ klg tGqd+Gq o'Qm u/L csf]{
xf+uf dxfofgjfbsf] ?k aGof] h;sf] k|rf/ k|;f/ pQ/df ltAat / rLg;Dd eof] . o;
s|ddf lxGb' wdf{anDaLx? a'4 wd{af6 lgs} 8fx ug{ yfn] . o;kl5 lxGb' wd{sf
cg'ofoL k'ioldqf / z+s|frfo{sf] pbo eof} . pgLx? s§/ lxGb' lyP / af}¢ wd{sf]
la/f]wdf a8f] cfs|ds?kdf k|:t't eP . 5}7f] ztfAbLdf lxGb' wd{sf] k|rf/k|;f/sf]
s|ddf bO{ k6s g]kfn cfPsf] / oxf+ g]kfnsf] t/fO{ tyf ef/tdf ePsf ;a} af}4
d7d+lGb/ tyf af}4 d'l{t{mx? tf]8kmf]8 u/L ;a} af}4 dfuL{ :yjL/x?nfO{ df/sf6 u/]/
sltnfO{ kL6kf6 u/L lxGb' agfP . o} lxGb' wd{sf] wfld{s cfGbf]ngsf] s|ddf :yjL/
zfSox? sf]O{ d/] t sf]O{ cfk\mgf k|f0f
/Iffy{ :yjL/ wd{ xf]O{g :yjL/ hft tyf wd{sf] ?kdf skf]nslNkt lxGb' ag] eg]
sf]O{ :yjL/ zfSox? cfk\mgf] k|f0f /Iffy{ t/fO{ e"efuaf6 knfog eO{ sf7df08f}x?df
cfO{ a;] . o;/L lxGb' wfld{s cfGbf]ngsf] ;dodf :yjL/ af}4 wd{af6 :yjL/ hftL
ag]sf t/fO{sf zfSox? :yjL/ zAbsf] transition af6 yf?hflt ePsf]
ljåfgx?sf] ljZjf; 5 . lxGb' cfGbf]ngsf] s|ddf g]kfnsf] t/fO{ / ef/tsf
u/L nfvf}+nfv :yjL/jfb af}4dfuL{x? cfkmgf k|f0f cfx'lt lbP . kl/0ffd :j?k g]kfn
ef/taf6 :yjL// y]/fjfb wd{sf] pTklt tyf k|rf/-k|;f/ yfO{n}08, >Ln+sf, hfkfg oL b]zx?;Dd x'Fbf klg g]kfnsf] t/fO{ /
ef/tdf :yjL/jfb af}4 dfuL{x? b]lvb}gg\
lsgls oxfF ePsf oL yf?x?g} :yjL/ y]/fjfb af}4 dfuL{x? x'g\ hf]
kl/l:ylta; :yjL/af6 yf? hflt ePsf x'g\ .
o;/L t/fO{sf :yjL/ zfSox? yf? eP t/ Jojxf/df pgLx?sf] wd{
clxn] klg y]/fjfbg cyf{t\ :yjL/jfb af}4dfuL{x? g} x'g\ . k|df0f :j?k oL
:yfgx?df af}4 d7dlGb/sf] cefj x'g' / !&cf} ztfAbL eGbf cuf8Lsf ;a}
af}4d'lt{x? c+Ëe+Ë cj:yfdf 5g\ (ef/tsf] ;f/gfysf] xndf ;+sng ul/Psf
c+Ëe+Ë ePsf a'¢ d'lt{x?) . km]/L To:t} d'un cfs\d0fsf] ;dodf
klg g]kfnsf] t/fO{ / ef/tdf Toltv]/sf af+lr/x]sf af}4 wd{fanDaLx? / af}4
d7d+lGb/x?, u'Dafx?, :t"kx?, d'lt{x? d'uncfs\d0fsf] ;dodf d';ndfgx?af6
Wj:t eP . o; lsl;dn] g]kfnsf] t/fO{ / ef/tdf ePsf af}4 dfuL{x?nfO{ clxn];Dd
lxGb' / d';ndfg b'a}sf] wfld{s oftgf ;xg' k/]sf] s6' ;To hu hfx]/ 5 .
cflbjf;L: cflbjf;L cflb / jf;L b'O{ zAb ldnL
ag]sf] zAb xf], hxf+ cflb eg]sf] z'? / jf;L eg]sf] lgjf;L a'lemG5 cyf{t\ z'?b]lv
s'g} ynf]df lgjf; ub}{ cfPsf jf a:b} cfPsf] dfgj ;d"x xf] . oxf+ z'?
zAbsf] ljleGg ux/fO{ jf a'emfO{ x'g ;Sb5 . vf; u/]/ cflbjf;L ;+Gbe{df z'? zAbsf]
ljz]if ux/fO{ a'lemG5 . oxfF z'?sf] cy{ - sg}] ;d"xn] vf; ynf]df pTklt
eP/ cfkm' pTklt ePs} ynf]df a;f]af; ul//fv]sf] ;d"x a'lemG5 . To;}n] cflbjf;LnfO{
c+u|hLdf Primitive jf Aborigines jf Indigenous ;d"x
elgG5 . o; lsl;dn] s'g} :yfgdf b'O{ ;d"xsf dflg;x? x'G5g\- Pp6f ToxL ynf]df pTklt eP/ ToxL :yfgdf a;f]af; ul//fv]sf] (cflbjf;L) ;d"x x'G5 eg] csf]{ Ps 7fpFdf
pTklt eP/ csf{ ynf]df a;f]af; ul//fv]sf] ;d"x xf] . oxf+ ef/tLo
pkdxfåLksf] pQ/L e'efudf klg d'Vo b'O{- cflbjf;L / cfo{ ;d"xx? a;L/fv]sf
b]lvG5g\ . cfo{ zAb cflbjf;Lx?n] lbO{Psf] gfp xf] . cflbjf;Lx? lk5l8Psf] jf
ljs;Lt h] h:tf] ?kdf ePklg c? ;d"xsf dflg;x?nfO{ cfkmgf] ;d"xdf ldlzg
lbg rflxb}gg\ . pgLx?n] cfkm'nfO{ ;+w} 5'6} klxrfg ;lxt sfod /fVg rfxG5g\ . ha
O{.k". !%)) tfsf oL e"efudf csf]{
;d"xx? cfpg nfu], cfP ta cflbjf;Lx?n] tL gjcfuGt's ;d"xx?nfO{ cfo{
cyf{t\ cfofltt gj ;d"x eg]/ ;Daf]wg ug{sf nflu k|of]u ul//x]sf] zAb xf] .
abnfdf tL cfo{/gjcfuGt'sx?n] oxfFsf :yfgLo
dflg;x?nfO{/ cflbjf;Lx?nfO{ cgfo{ eg]/ ;Daf]wg
u/] . Toltv]/ cfo{ eg]sf] gjcfuGt's ;d"x / cgfo{ eg]sf] cflbjf;L/ :yfgLo a'emfO{ dfq lyof] . kl5 oL cfo{x?/gjcfuGt'sx?
cfk\mgf zf:q-k"/f0f /rgf s|+ddf cfo{ zAbsf]
df}lns cy{ cfuGt's ;d"xaf6 a+¡fofO{, ;Eo, ;'zLn, 7"nf], dxfg,
dxTjk"0f{ h:tf cy{df JofVof u/] eg] cgfo{ zAbnfO{ cflbjf;L/ :yfgLo cy{af6 a+¡fofO{ /fIf;, c;Eo, ckljq, clzlIft, lx+;s, kmf]x/L,
gfl:ts h:tf cy{df dgk/L lsl;dn] JofVof ug{ ;kmn ePsf 5g\ . o;}n] ubf{ 6]sgfy
uf}tdn] cfkmgf] lstfadf yf?nfO{ c;'/ a+zsf x'g\ n]Vg kl5 k/]g . jf:tjdf /fIf;
eg]sf] lxGb'x?sf] dgu9Gt zAbfjnL xf] . lxGb'x?sf] dgu9Gt kl/efiffg';f/sf g s'g}
hLj of] e"lddf slxn] klg g lyP g x'g]5g\ . lxGb'x? cfk'm 7"nf] x'g /
kl/l:yltaf6 kmfObf lng o:tf lsl;dsf /rgf ub}{ cfPsf x'g\ / o} l;¢fGtnfO{
c+uLsf/ u/]/ df]bgfy k|l>tn] cfkmgf] n]vdf afx'gx? klg g]kfnsf cflbjf;L x'g,
n]Vg kl5 k/]g . t/ :jfy{a; pxfn] oxf s] jf:tljstf ljif{g' eof] eg] hf] cfo{ x'g
p g]kfn t s] ef/tLo pkdxfbLksf klg cflbjf;L x'g;sb}g lsgls Pp6} Joltm Ps;fy Pp6}
ynf]sf] nflu cfo{ / cflbjf;L b'a} x'g ;lsb}g, p To; ynf]sf] nflu of t cfo{ x'G5
jf cflbjf;L .
o; lsl;dn] cfo{x?n] cfk\mgf :jfy{af6 k|]l/t eP/ yf?x?sf]
;xL Oltxf;, e"uf]n, efiff, wd{, ;+:s[ltx? a+¡fofO{ x/]s lsl;dn] yf?x?sf]
cfly{s, /fhg}lts, wfld{s, eflifs, ;fdflhs tyf ;fF:s[lts zf]if0f ub}{ cfPsf x'g
/ clxn] klg /fhg}lts, ;fdflhs, eflifs pynk'ynsf] ;dodf yf?x? ;hu ePg eg] yf?x?
eljiodf of] eGbf klg gLr :t/sf] lhjg lhpg' kg]{ s'/f ki6 ePsf]n] ;a} yf?x? ;hu
x'g' cfj\xfg ub{5' .
wGojfb !!!
